Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus that affects people worldwide. In fact, most individuals who are sexually active will be exposed to HPV at some point in their lives. Although many people never develop symptoms, certain types of HPV can lead to genital warts or increase the risk of specific cancers.
By understanding how HPV spreads, how it is prevented and why screening is important, you can take practical steps to protect your long-term health.
What Is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human papillomavirus (HPV) refers to a group of more than 200 related viruses. Around 40 strains can affect the genital area.
HPV spreads through intimate skin-to-skin contact, most commonly during sexual activity. Because HPV often causes no symptoms, many people do not realise they have been infected.
Importantly, HPV can affect anyone who has ever been sexually active, even if they have had only one partner. Most infections clear naturally without causing harm.
Does HPV Always Cause Symptoms?
In most cases, the immune system clears HPV within one to two years. As a result, many people never experience symptoms.
However, some strains may cause:
- Genital warts (low-risk HPV types)
- Abnormal cell changes
- Certain cancers (high-risk HPV types)
You should see your GP if you notice unusual bleeding, pain during intimacy or changes such as lumps, itching or irritation in the genital area. Although these symptoms are not always related to HPV, early assessment is important.
HPV and Cancer Risk
While HPV infections are common, cancer caused by HPV is far less common. Certain high-risk strains can persist in the body and, over many years, cause abnormal cell changes.
HPV is associated with:
- Cervical cancer
- Vaginal and vulvar cancers
- Penile cancer
- Anal cancer
- Some cancers of the mouth and throat
Cervical cancer usually develops slowly. In most cases, it takes 10 years or more for persistent HPV infection to lead to significant changes. Therefore, regular screening plays a crucial role in prevention.
Cervical Screening in Australia
Australia’s National Cervical Screening Program recommends that women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 have a Cervical Screening Test every five years.
The test looks for high-risk HPV before cancer develops. Even if you have received the HPV immunisation, you should continue regular screening, as the immunisation does not protect against all cancer-causing strains.
HPV immunisation: Prevention and Protection
HPV vaccination provides strong protection against the strains responsible for the majority of cervical cancers and many other HPV-related cancers. It also protects against the strains that cause most cases of genital warts.
The immunisation prevents infection but does not treat existing HPV. Therefore, it works best when given before exposure to the virus.
Who Should Receive the HPV Immunisation?
HPV immunisation is recommended for:
- Young people aged 9 to 25 years
- Individuals with certain medical conditions affecting immunity
The ideal age for vaccination is 12 to 13 years, when the immune response is strongest.
Under the National Immunisation Program, most people aged 12 to 25 are eligible for free vaccination. Adults aged 26 and over may still be v immunised after discussing individual circumstances with their GP.
Updated HPV immunisation Schedule in Australia
Since February 2023, most people aged 9 to 25 years require only one dose of the HPV vaccine. Extensive research has shown that a single dose provides strong and long-lasting protection. (According to NIP)
However, people with significant immune compromising conditions and adults aged 26 years and over generally require three doses over six months. Your GP can advise on the appropriate schedule.
Why Prevention Matters
Australia has seen significant reductions in HPV infections, genital warts and high-grade cervical abnormalities since introducing the national vaccination program. Research continues to show strong long-term protection.
When combined with regular cervical screening, HPV vaccination significantly reduces the risk of HPV-related cancers.
At Lakes Family Medical Centre, we provide confidential consultations and cervical screening services in a professional and supportive environment. If you have questions about HPV, immunisation or screening, speaking with your GP can help you make informed decisions about your health.
*This information is general in nature and does not replace personalised medical advice. Please consult your GP for individual guidance.
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